Professional Pandas: The Pandas Merge Method

Matt Harrison

Nov 3, 2022 13 min read

Articles

Professional Pandas: The Pandas Merge Method image

Intro

In this post, I discuss the relationship between the Pandas merge function (and Pandas merge method), and the Pandas join method, and then show examples of how to merge Pandas dataframes with the merge method. Along the way, I describe two useful merge method parameters: the validate parameter, and the indicator parameter.

This article is the second in our Professional Pandas blog post series. The goal of this series is to teach best practices about writing professional-grade Pandas code. If you have questions or topics that you would like to dive into, please reach out on Twitter to @ponderdata or @__mharrison__, and if you’d like to see the notebook version of this blogpost, you can find it on Github here.

(Note: This content is modified from the author’s book, Effective Pandas.)

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Joining Data

Terminology Refresher: Method vs. Function

Pandas often has one, two, three, or even more ways to do something. This paradox of choice can be overwhelming. (Indeed software engineering purists would say “There should be one– and preferably only one –obvious way to do it.”) However, here we are with Pandas joining.

In short, there is :

The .join method found on a DataFrame
The .merge method found on a DataFrame
The pd.merge function found in the Pandas namespace (pd)
The pd.concat function to horizontally or vertically stack data
Various methods that align on the index and work similar to some joins (like using df.assign(**other_df))

A Quick Aside on the Python Language

A Python class defines methods. Methods are called on an instance of a class. In the Pandas world, we often have a DataFrame (df) or Series (s) instance. We could call the merge method by saying:


 In [1]:

df.merge(another_df)

However, there is also a function, merge. Generally, when folks use Pandas they import the library like this:


 In [2]:

import pandas as pd

Since pd is the module where the Pandas merge function is available, you can call the merge function like this:


 In [3]:

pd.merge(df, another_df)

Some think that in this last example that merge is a method on pd. That is not correct. If we change the import to load the function, we could run the code like this:


 In [4]:

from pandas import merge

merge(df, another_df)

If you aren’t familiar with the difference between methods and functions and would like to explore more, check out the Python tutorial.

End of the Aside

From this author's point of view, forget that the Pandas merge function and the join method exist. You can get along just fine only using the merge method (which I will often refer to in this article as .merge with a period in front as a reminder that it needs to be called on the instance).

In fact, if you dig into the implementation of .join, you will see that it calls the concat or merge functions. Don't waste your brain power trying to keep them straight. Just ignore the merge function and the join method.

One final note, I wish that .merge was named .join because everyone coming from a database world knows what a join is, but .merge offers a little more functionality, hence my recommendation to favor it.

A Short Overview of Joining

Feel free to skip this if you are familiar with database joins. It shows the basic joins using some sales data. Our task might be to find products with no sales, sales that don’t have products, or only sales for products that we have information for.

The supported join types for .merge (specified with the how parameter) are:

'left' – Keep all values from the merging column DataFrame the method was called on.
'right' – Keep all values from the merging column of the right DataFrame the method was called on.
'inner' – Keep the intersection of all values from the merging columns.
'outer' – Keep the union of all values from the merging columns.
'cross' – For every row in the instance dataframe, combine with every row from the right DataFrame.


 In [5]:

import pandas as pd
products = pd.DataFrame({'id': [1, 3, 10], 'product': 
                         ['Cat food', 'Sparkling Water', 'Apple Fritter']})
sales = pd.DataFrame({'product_id': [1, 3, 1, 1, 15], 
                      'cost': [4.99, .99, 4.99, 4.99*.8, 7.45]})

Left Join


 In [6]:

# keep all *id* columns
products.merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='left')


 Out [6]:

	id	product		product_id	cost
0	1	Cat food	1.0		4.990
1	1	Cat food	1.0		4.990
2	1	Cat food	1.0		3.992
3	3	Sparkling Water	3.0		0.990
4	10	Apple Fritter	NaN		NaN

Right Join


 In [7]:

# keep all *product_id* columns
products.merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='right')


 Out [7]:

	id	product		product_id	cost
0	1.0	Cat food	1		4.990
1	3.0	Sparkling Water	3		0.990
2	1.0	Cat food	1		4.990
3	1.0	Cat food	1		3.992
4	NaN	NaN		15		7.450

Inner Join


 In [8]:

products.merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='inner')


 Out [8]:

	id	product		product_id	cost
0	1	Cat food	1		4.990
1	1	Cat food	1		4.990
2	1	Cat food	1		3.992
3	3	Sparkling Water	3		0.990

Outer Join


 In [9]:

products.merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='outer')


 Out [9]:

	id	product		product_id	cost
0	1.0	Cat food	1.0		4.990
1	1.0	Cat food	1.0		4.990
2	1.0	Cat food	1.0		3.992
3	3.0	Sparkling Water	3.0		0.990
4	10.0	Apple Fritter	NaN		NaN
5	NaN	NaN		15.0		7.450

Cross Join

A merge you might not be aware of is the cross join. This repeats every row of the dataframe with every row that it is merged with. (So this gets big real fast).


 In [10]:

# cross join
products.merge(sales, how='cross')


 Out [10]:

	id	product		product_id	cost
0	1	Cat food	1		4.990
1	1	Cat food	3		0.990
2	1	Cat food	1		4.990
3	1	Cat food	1		3.992
4	1	Cat food	15		7.450
5	3	Sparkling Water	1		4.990
6	3	Sparkling Water	3		0.990
7	3	Sparkling Water	1		4.990
8	3	Sparkling Water	1		3.992
9	3	Sparkling Water	15		7.450
10	10	Apple Fritter	1		4.990
11	10	Apple Fritter	3		0.990
12	10	Apple Fritter	1		4.990
13	10	Apple Fritter	1		3.992
14	10	Apple Fritter	15		7.450

A cross join might come in hand if you need to create all the permutations of some values. In this example, all ways to select three different values from four or ten.


 In [11]:

nums = pd.DataFrame({'values':[4, 10]})
(nums
 .merge(nums, how='cross')
 .merge(nums, how='cross')
)


 Out [11]:

	values_x	values_y	values
0	4		4		4
1	4		4		10
2	4		10		4
3	4		10		10
4	10		4		4
5	10		4		10
6	10		10		4
7	10		10		10

Validation Using the Pandas Merge Method

I will sometimes use a .pipe method to track the size of my data before and after the merge. If you are doing a lot of merges, this will be a snippet of code you will want to keep around.

(Check out the article Professional Pandas: The Pandas Assign Method for more examples of the .pipe method.)


 In [12]:

def debug_shape(a_df, comment=''):
    print(f'{a_df.shape} {comment}')
    return a_df

(products
 .pipe(debug_shape, 'before merge')
 .merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='outer')
 .pipe(debug_shape, 'after merge')
)


 Out [12]:

(3, 2) before merge
(6, 4) after merge
	id	product		product_id	cost
0	1.0	Cat food	1.0		4.990
1	1.0	Cat food	1.0		4.990
2	1.0	Cat food	1.0		3.992
3	3.0	Sparkling Water	3.0		0.990
4	10.0	Apple Fritter	NaN		NaN
5	NaN	NaN		15.0		7.450

A very nice feature of the Pandas merge method is the validate parameter. It allows us to specify if our merge should be one to one ('1:1'), one to many ('1:m'), many to one ('m:1'), or many to many ('m:m').

If your data grows much faster after a merge that might be because you are merging on duplicate values. In our example, the product_id repeats in the products DataFrame. If we were expecting only a single row for the Cat food product and one row from sales for each row from product, we could pass in validate='1:1' parameter.

In this case, Pandas complains that the entries from sales are not unique. This is because there were multiple sales for the Cat food product:


 In [13]:

(products
 .merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='outer',
        validate='1:1')
)


 Out [13]:

---------------------------------------------------------------------------
MergeError                                Traceback (most recent call last)
 in 
      1 (products
      2  .merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='outer',
----> 3         validate='1:1')
      4 )

3 frames
/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/pandas/core/reshape/merge.py in _validate(self, validate)
   1428             elif not right_unique:
   1429                 raise MergeError(
-> 1430                     "Merge keys are not unique in right dataset; not a one-to-one merge"
   1431                 )
   1432 

MergeError: Merge keys are not unique in right dataset; not a one-to-one merge

We would need to use validate='1:m' on this example:


 In [14]:

(products
 .merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='outer',
        validate='1:m')
)


 Out [14]:

	id	product		product_id	cost
0	1.0	Cat food	1.0		4.990
1	1.0	Cat food	1.0		4.990
2	1.0	Cat food	1.0		3.992
3	3.0	Sparkling Water	3.0		0.990
4	10.0	Apple Fritter	NaN		NaN
5	NaN	NaN		15.0		7.450

(Note that specifying validate='m:m' can't ever fail, but it could be a nice indicator to whoever reads the code next.)

One more parameter to be aware of is the indicator parameter. This allows us to create a new column indicating which DataFrame the resulting row came from. In this example we specify that the new column should be named side:


 In [15]:

(products
 .merge(sales, left_on='id', right_on='product_id', how='outer',
        indicator='side')
)


 Out [15]:

	id	product		product_id	cost	side
0	1.0	Cat food	1.0		4.990	both
1	1.0	Cat food	1.0		4.990	both
2	1.0	Cat food	1.0		3.992	both
3	3.0	Sparkling Water	3.0		0.990	both
4	10.0	Apple Fritter	NaN		NaN	left_only
5	NaN	NaN		15.0		7.450	right_only

Example: Joining Dirty Devil Flow and Weather Data Using the Pandas Merge Method

Now let’s look at a real-world example.

We are going to explore data from the Dirty Devil river. This is a river in Utah that the author had some interest in floating down. However, it is only floatable during a small period of time each year. This analysis was part of his attempt to determine when would be a good time to float down this river.

I have some historic data about the flow of the Dirty Devil river on my Github. Let’s load the flow (cubic feet per second, or cfs) and gage height data. In this case we will leave the datetime column as a column and not use it for the index:


 In [16]:

import pandas as pd
url = 'https://github.com/mattharrison/datasets/raw/master'\
    '/data/dirtydevil.txt'<br>
df = pd.read_csv(url, skiprows=lambda num: num <34 or num == 35,
                 sep='\t')
def to_denver_time(df_, time_col, tz_col):
    return (df_
     .assign(**{tz_col: df_[tz_col].replace('MDT', 'MST7MDT')})
     .groupby(tz_col)
     [time_col]
     .transform(lambda s: pd.to_datetime(s)
         .dt.tz_localize(s.name, ambiguous=True)
         .dt.tz_convert('America/Denver'))
    )

def tweak_river(df_):
    return (df_
     .assign(datetime=to_denver_time(df_, 'datetime', 'tz_cd'))
     .rename(columns={'144166_00060': 'cfs',
                      '144167_00065': 'gage_height'})
    )

dd = tweak_river(df)
dd


 Out [16]:

/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/IPython/core/interactiveshell.py:3326: DtypeWarning: Columns (7) have mixed types.Specify dtype option on import or set low_memory=False.
  exec(code_obj, self.user_global_ns, self.user_ns)
	agency_cd	site_no		datetime			tz_cd	cfs	144166_00060_cd	gage_height	144167_00065_cd
0	USGS		9333500		2001-05-07 01:00:00-06:00	MDT	71.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN
1	USGS		9333500		2001-05-07 01:15:00-06:00	MDT	71.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN
2	USGS		9333500		2001-05-07 01:30:00-06:00	MDT	71.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN
3	USGS		9333500		2001-05-07 01:45:00-06:00	MDT	70.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN
4	USGS		9333500		2001-05-07 02:00:00-06:00	MDT	70.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN
...	...		...		...				...	...	...		...		...
539300	USGS		9333500		2020-09-28 08:30:00-06:00	MDT	9.53	P		6.16		P
539301	USGS		9333500		2020-09-28 08:45:00-06:00	MDT	9.20	P		6.15		P
539302	USGS		9333500		2020-09-28 09:00:00-06:00	MDT	9.20	P		6.15		P
539303	USGS		9333500		2020-09-28 09:15:00-06:00	MDT	9.20	P		6.15		P
539304	USGS		9333500		2020-09-28 09:30:00-06:00	MDT	9.20	P		6.15		P
539305 rows × 8 columns

I’m also going to load some meteorological data from Hanksville, Utah, a city nearby the river. We will then use the Pandas merge method to join both datasets together so we have flow data as well as temperature and precipitation information.

Some of the columns that are interesting are:

DATE – Date
PRCP – Precipitation in inches
TMIN – Minimum temperature (F) for day
TMAX – Maximum temperature (F) for day
TOBS – Observed temperature (F) when measurement made


 In [17]:

url = 'https://github.com/mattharrison/datasets/raw/master/data/'\
      'hanksville.csv'
temp_df = pd.read_csv(url)
def tweak_temp(df_):
    return (df_
           .assign(DATE=pd.to_datetime(df_.DATE)
                .dt.tz_localize('America/Denver', ambiguous=False))
           .loc[:,['DATE', 'PRCP', 'TMIN', 'TMAX', 'TOBS']]
    )
temp_df = tweak_temp(temp_df)
temp_df


 Out [17]:

	DATE				PRCP	TMIN	TMAX	TOBS
0	2000-01-01 00:00:00-07:00	0.02	21.0	43.0	28.0
1	2000-01-02 00:00:00-07:00	0.03	24.0	39.0	24.0
2	2000-01-03 00:00:00-07:00	0.00	7.0	39.0	18.0
3	2000-01-04 00:00:00-07:00	0.00	5.0	39.0	25.0
4	2000-01-05 00:00:00-07:00	0.00	10.0	44.0	22.0
...	...				...	...	...	...
6843	2020-09-20 00:00:00-06:00	0.00	46.0	92.0	83.0
6844	2020-09-21 00:00:00-06:00	0.00	47.0	92.0	84.0
6845	2020-09-22 00:00:00-06:00	0.00	54.0	84.0	77.0
6846	2020-09-23 00:00:00-06:00	0.00	47.0	91.0	87.0
6847	2020-09-24 00:00:00-06:00	0.00	43.0	94.0	88.0
6848 rows × 5 columns

Joining Data

Let's use the Pandas merge method to merge by date. This method will try to merge by columns that have the same name, but our dataframes don't have overlapping column names. The dd dataframe has a datetime column and temp_df has a DATE column. We can use the left_on and right_on parameters to help it know how to align the data. The merge method tries to do an inner join by default. That means that rows with values that are the same in the merge columns will be joined together:


 In [18]:

(dd
.merge(temp_df, left_on='datetime', right_on='DATE')
)


 Out [18]:

	agency_cd	site_no		datetime			tz_cd	cfs	144166_00060_cd	gage_height	144167_00065_cd	DATE				PRCP	TMIN	TMAX	TOBS
0	USGS		9333500		2001-05-08 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	75.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN		2001-05-08 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	43.0	85.0	58.0
1	USGS		9333500		2001-05-09 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	64.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN		2001-05-09 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	36.0	92.0	64.0
2	USGS		9333500		2001-05-10 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	54.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN		2001-05-10 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	50.0	92.0	67.0
3	USGS		9333500		2001-05-11 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	56.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN		2001-05-11 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	46.0	87.0	60.0
4	USGS		9333500		2001-05-12 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	49.00	A:[91]		NaN		NaN		2001-05-12 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	45.0	93.0	72.0
...	...		...		...				...	...	...		...		...		...				...	...	...	...
4968	USGS		9333500		2020-09-20 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	6.04	P		6.04		P		2020-09-20 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	46.0	92.0	83.0
4969	USGS		9333500		2020-09-21 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	6.83	P		6.07		P		2020-09-21 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	47.0	92.0	84.0
4970	USGS		9333500		2020-09-22 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	6.83	P		6.07		P		2020-09-22 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	54.0	84.0	77.0
4971	USGS		9333500		2020-09-23 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	7.68	P		6.10		P		2020-09-23 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	47.0	91.0	87.0
4972	USGS		9333500		2020-09-24 00:00:00-06:00	MDT	9.86	P		6.17		P		2020-09-24 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	43.0	94.0	88.0
4973 rows × 13 columns

This appears to have worked, but is somewhat problematic. Remember that the dd dataset has a 15-minute frequency, but temp_df only has daily data, so we are only using the value from midnight. We should probably use our resampling skills to calculate the median flow value for each date and then merge. In that case we will want to use the index of the grouped data to merge, so we specify left_index=True:


 In [19]:

(dd
 .groupby(pd.Grouper(key='datetime', freq='D'))
 .median()
 .merge(temp_df, left_index=True, right_on='DATE')
)


 Out [19]:

	site_no		cfs		gage_height	DATE				PRCP	TMIN	TMAX	TOBS
492	9333500.0	71.50		NaN		2001-05-07 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	41.0	82.0	55.0
493	9333500.0	69.00		NaN		2001-05-08 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	43.0	85.0	58.0
494	9333500.0	63.50		NaN		2001-05-09 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	36.0	92.0	64.0
495	9333500.0	55.00		NaN		2001-05-10 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	50.0	92.0	67.0
496	9333500.0	55.00		NaN		2001-05-11 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	46.0	87.0	60.0
...	...		...		...		...				...	...	...	...
6843	9333500.0	6.83		6.07		2020-09-20 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	46.0	92.0	83.0
6844	9333500.0	6.83		6.07		2020-09-21 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	47.0	92.0	84.0
6845	9333500.0	7.39		6.09		2020-09-22 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	54.0	84.0	77.0
6846	9333500.0	7.97		6.11		2020-09-23 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	47.0	91.0	87.0
6847	9333500.0	9.53		6.16		2020-09-24 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	43.0	94.0	88.0
6356 rows × 8 columns

That looks better (and gives us a few more rows of data).

Validating Joined Data

Let's validate that we had a one-to-one join, i.e. each date from the flow data matched up with a single date from the temperature data. We can use the validate parameter to do this:


 In [20]:

(dd
 .groupby(pd.Grouper(key='datetime', freq='D'))
 .median()
 .merge(temp_df, left_index=True, right_on='DATE', how='inner',
        validate='1:1')
)


 Out [20]:

	site_no		cfs	gage_height	DATE				PRCP	TMIN	TMAX	TOBS
492	9333500.0	71.50	NaN		2001-05-07 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	41.0	82.0	55.0
493	9333500.0	69.00	NaN		2001-05-08 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	43.0	85.0	58.0
494	9333500.0	63.50	NaN		2001-05-09 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	36.0	92.0	64.0
495	9333500.0	55.00	NaN		2001-05-10 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	50.0	92.0	67.0
496	9333500.0	55.00	NaN		2001-05-11 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	46.0	87.0	60.0
...	...		...	...		...				...	...	...	...
6843	9333500.0	6.83	6.07		2020-09-20 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	46.0	92.0	83.0
6844	9333500.0	6.83	6.07		2020-09-21 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	47.0	92.0	84.0
6845	9333500.0	7.39	6.09		2020-09-22 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	54.0	84.0	77.0
6846	9333500.0	7.97	6.11		2020-09-23 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	47.0	91.0	87.0
6847	9333500.0	9.53	6.16		2020-09-24 00:00:00-06:00	0.0	43.0	94.0	88.0
6356 rows × 8 columns

Because this did not raise a MergeError, we know that our data had non-repeating date fields.

Visualization of Data Joined with the Pandas Merge Method

I'm a big fan of visualization. Let's visualize the merged time series. We will add on to our merge chain, stick the date in the index (so that we can plot it on the x-axis), pull out the years from 2014 forward, use the cfs (cubic feet per second), gage_height, PRCP, and TOBS columns, interpolate the missing values, do a rolling 15-day average, and plot the result in their own subplot:


 In [21]:

import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
fig, ax = plt.subplots(dpi=600, figsize=(10,8))
(dd
 .groupby(pd.Grouper(key='datetime', freq='D'))
 .median()
 .merge(temp_df, left_index=True, right_on='DATE', how='inner',
        validate='1:1')
 .set_index('DATE')
 .loc['2014':,['cfs', 'gage_height', 'PRCP', 'TOBS']]
 .interpolate()
 .rolling(15)
 .mean()
 .plot(subplots=True, ax=ax)
)
fig.suptitle('Dirty Devil Metrics (15-day average)')
fig.tight_layout()


 Out [21]:

Visualization of Dirty Devil River data (flow per second, etc.) assembled using the Pandas merge method.

Here’s another plot that is kind of cool once you piece together what is happening. It is a scatterplot of temperature against river flow. I’m coloring this by month of the year. You can see the start of the year at the bottom of the plot. As the year progresses and the temperature warms up, the cfs goes up a little, and then as summer hits, the river almost dries up. During the fall, it starts to cool off and the river starts running higher:


 In [22]:

fig, ax = plt.subplots(dpi=600)
dd2 = (dd
 .groupby(pd.Grouper(key='datetime', freq='D'))
 .median()
 .merge(temp_df, left_index=True, right_on='DATE', how='inner',
        validate='1:1')
 .query('cfs < 400')           
)
(dd2
 .plot.scatter(x='cfs', y='TOBS', c=dd2.DATE.dt.month,
               ax=ax, cmap='hsv', alpha=.5, s=2)           
)
ax.set_title('Observation Temperature (TOBS) '
   'vs River Flow (cubic feet per sec)\nColored by Month')


 Out [22]:

Visualization of Dirty Devil River data (temp v. flow by month) assembled using the Pandas merge method.

Summary

Data can often have more utility if we combine it with other data. In the '70s, relational algebra was invented to describe various joins among tabular data. The Pandas merge method of the DataFrame lets us apply these operations to tabular data in the Pandas world. This post explored using the Pandas merge method and the parameters you can use to validate your joining logic.

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Professional Pandas: The Pandas Merge Method

Intro

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Joining Data

Terminology Refresher: Method vs. Function

A Quick Aside on the Python Language

End of the Aside

A Short Overview of Joining

Left Join

Right Join

Inner Join

Outer Join

Cross Join

Validation Using the Pandas Merge Method

Example: Joining Dirty Devil Flow and Weather Data Using the Pandas Merge Method

Joining Data

Validating Joined Data

Visualization of Data Joined with the Pandas Merge Method

Summary

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